诗经的英译:匠与师
诗经的有两个著名的英译本:理雅格(James Legge)的The Book of Odes
和亚瑟·韦利(Arthur Waley)的The Book of Songs.
理氏作为传教师,自1837年至1873年,游华三十余年.返英后被选为牛津大学首任中国
语文讲座教授.其著述甚丰,把中国古典的十三经基本上都翻译成了英文,可谓英语圈内
汉学的奠基人.
理氏是学者,作风严谨,所以他翻译的诗经比较终于原文,缺点是有时失于拘谨.我们来看
他翻译的《关雎》:
关雎
关关雎鸠,Kwan-kwan go the ospreys ,
在河之洲。On the islet in the river .
窈窕淑女,The modest , retiring , virtuous , young lady : --
君子好逑。For our prince a good mate she .
参差荇菜,Here long , there short , is the duckweed ,
左右流之,To the left , to the right , borne about by the current .
窈窕淑女,The modest , retiring , virtuous , young lady : --
寤寐求之。Waking and sleeping , he sought her .
求之不得,He sought her and found her not ,
寤寐思服。And waking and sleeping he thought about her .
悠哉悠哉,Long he thought ; oh ! long and anxiously ;
辗转反侧。On his side , on his back , he turned , and back again .
参差荇菜,Here long , there short , is the duckweed ;
左右采之,On the left , on the right , we gather it .
窈窕淑女,The modest , retiring , virtuous , young lady : --
琴瑟友之。With lutes , small and large , let us give her friendly welcome .
参差荇菜,Here long , there short , is the duckweed ;
左右笔之,On the left , on the right , we cook and present it .
窈窕淑女,The modest , retiring , virtuous , young lady : --
钟鼓乐之。With bells and drums let us show our delight in her .
我们可以看到,理氏的翻译几乎是一个字一个字的对应.其中不乏教学的目的,也可见
学者的严谨.不过作为诗来读,显然过于臃肿沉闷.把窈窕淑女一个字一个字的对译成
the modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady,与其说是翻译,更接近于注释了.
还有,参差荇菜的“参差”,译者也忠实地译成here long, there short,连句式也基本
照着原诗编排.
相对于理译,韦利的翻译可谓诗趣盎然了.韦氏是个文人翻译家,不仅翻译过多部中国诗歌
作品,还翻译过日本古代小说《源氏物语》.可是如此博学的韦氏,却从没有到过中国日本.
据他本人说,是为了避免破坏掉他心中东方的意象.
韦译诗经1937年出版于伦敦.有了前人理雅德的翻译,条件可谓得天独厚.翻译中纵使
他的生花妙笔,把诗经翻译成了一部真正可读的诗集.所以有人说韦氏是天才翻译家.而
且他的诗经译本至今仍被尊为最佳的英文译本.
让我们看看他对《关雎》篇的翻译吧:
关关雎鸠,"Fair, fair," cry the ospreys
在河之洲。on the island in the river.
窈窕淑女,Lovely is this noble lady,
君子好逑。fit bride for our lord.
参差荇菜, In patches grows the water mallow;
左右流之, to left and right one must seek it.
窈窕淑女,Shy was this noble lady;
寤寐求之。day and night he sought her.
求之不得,Sought her and could not get her;
寤寐思服。day and night he grieved.
悠哉悠哉,Long thoughts, oh, long unhappy thoughts,
辗转反侧。now on his back, now tossing on to his side.
参差荇菜, In patches grows the water mallow;
左右采之,to left and right one must gather it.
窈窕淑女,Shy is this noble lady;
琴瑟友之. with great zither and little we hearten her.
参差荇菜,In patches grows the water mallow;
左右笔之,to left and right one must choose it.
窈窕淑女,Shy is this noble lady;
钟鼓乐之。with bells and drums we wil gladden her.
开首的象声词“关关”,韦译没有如理氏那样原音照译,而是发明了一
个一语双关的"fair fair". fair一字既可以象声轻脆优美的鸟鸣,又暗含
fair lady(淑女)之义,兼有比兴之趣.一字之选,见大师工夫,令人叹为观止.
再看“窈窕淑女”的翻译.第一联,用了一个lovely,第三、四联用了一个
shy字,一个主题,反复变奏,fair,lovely,shy,noble,不失原意,又避免了
冗长和重复.
第二联“思服”跟“悠哉”都是思念的意思,韦本前者译为he grieved,
后者译为long unhappy thoughts,用音乐上主题变奏的手法,长叹短
嗟,反复吟咏.
而第三第四联中,理译中冗长的“参差荇菜”则用grows the water mallow
来对应.grows一词顿添动感,使“参差荇菜”的意象跃然纸上,写尽理译中
here long there short四字之义.
诗歌翻译难,古典诗歌的翻译更是难上加难.
比之于画,译诗有工笔写意之辩.
理氏之译,可谓形似.近于工笔.韦氏译诗,不拘泥于形而原诗神韵跃然
而出,近于写意.对比两诗,唯叹韦氏译笔之精妙.吾穷尽一生,庶几能近之乎?
最近在读古今和歌集,自己也试着译一下,跟杨烈的中译本做个比较.和歌的
翻译问题多多.总之,诗歌翻译中,现在讲究忠实原文的学者翻诗.学者翻译
难免匠气,诗人译诗最能神形兼备,偶尔难免不信于原文.“信达雅”难啊.
不过,若是站在读者的立场上,还是比较欢迎诗人流畅的文笔吧.